Immorality of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immorality of Abortion - Research Paper Example Contrary to popular belief that abortion is a modern operation, there is retrospective evidence that it was practiced as long ago as the 5th century BC by ancient civilizations. Even in biblical times, a form of abortion was practiced, as is evidence in the book of numbers where a woman accused of infidelity would be made to drink â€Å"the bitter water† which would bring out the â€Å"curse† (Fox). Other recorded cases of abortion were in ancient Egypt (1550 B.C.E.) and China in the 5th century where among other things used to induce it was mercury (Fox). Notably, many the methods used in the past were dangerous and could have killed the mother just as easily as induced the abortion. In the recent past, abortions were illegal for moral, religious and health issues. However, after the 20th century, women rights groups and doctors have been often able to repeal this ban and as a result, many countries, especially in America and Europe, have legalized it to the chagrin of the pro-life groups. The issues that have made abortion such a controversial and pertinent issue include the fact that apart from the guaranteeing the unborn child’s death, it also jeopardizes the life of the mother; in addition, several of those who undergo abortions are underage girls who are pregnant and have no one to support them or the baby. Bearing in mind that it is the moral duty of the strong to protect the weak and comparably pro lifers consider it their duty to protect the life and rights of the unborn child. While the modern methods of carrying out the operation are mostly safe and performed by qualified doctors, from an objective perspective the action is immoral. Nonetheless, in view of the fact that a woman has agreed consciously and actively to end the unborn life in her is immoral in itself (Lee and Robert 13). Proponents of abortion have been trying to justify abortion and paint it with a moral brush for as long as the pro-lifers have been condemning it. O ne of the principal arguments put forward to humanize abortion and portray it in a moral light is that the fetus is not yet human being. They claim that if the pro-life side agrees a sperm and ovary are not considered human, yet they have potential to become human then the same should be said of the fetus. Therefore, should the pro choice concede it is human, they will go ahead and claim for one to be recognized as a person; thus, they would need to be self-aware. As such, anything in the womb is not self aware, ergo, cannot be human and the same argument has been proposed by advocates defending suspects of infanticide (Lee and Robert 15). However, these arguments are untenable and illogical at best; therefore, comparing the sperm to the fertilized egg flies in the face of logic since the sperm will only have potential for life if it is merged with the egg. On its own, it does not have a chance to generate life, the fertilized egg, on the other hand, in an autonomous genetic unit on ly requires the parent to host it and supply it with nourishment for the duration of the pregnancy. This is no different from when a child stays with its mother fully dependent on her for the first few months. However, at this point, even the diehard pro-choice people will not agree that the mother is free to terminate

Classical Art Remakes Preserve Cultural Heritage for Future Generations Essay Example for Free

Classical Art Remakes Preserve Cultural Heritage for Future Generations Essay I. Introduction Hook: New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Thesis: I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. II. Body A. Topic sentence: First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † 1. Translation classics art into the language of the modernity. 2. Newer version or interpretation 3. Not a parody B. Topic sentence: Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. 1. Bottomless meaning 2. The remake is a lifebuoy 3. New life to long-forgotten artwork C. Topic sentence: Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. 1. A sign of ultimate fame of the original art 2. Highest prevalence 3. Absentee readers are always more than confrontations. III. Conclusion New idea – it is well forgotten old (Geoffrey Chaucer) Classical art is a moral category, which is carrying the eternal content. Unfortunately, the classics, such us literature, cinematography or painting, is losing its relevance under the influence of time. Only remakes of classic art-works are evidence of their immortality. Someone thinks that remake is just another way to extract money, for example, from viewers, which wanted to see their favorite movie in the new interpretation. However, I strongly belief that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations, and the purpose of this paper is to prove it. First, until further arguments, it is important to give the correct meaning of the word â€Å"remake. † Definition of the remake is quite simple: it is translation classics art into the language of the modernity. In other words, the remake it is a newer version or interpretation of previously published work. It is not a parody and does not quote a source, moreover remake fills classics with new and relevant content, but with caution on the sample. The author of remake does not look like parodist; he is not looking for weak spots of classical artwork to expose their murderous ridicule. On the contrary, remaker finely and carefully refers to the words, of which was woven the old fabric of the novel. Remeyker reflects on every character, every plot turn, stares at the familiar line, Remaker may be repeated passages of the original plot, types of characters, but he or she depicts them in a new historical, social and political conditions. Remakes chosen as the new heroes, the new women, centerfold, mental retardation, AIDS, drug users, and hackers. All of these characters for the most part people are good, spiritually rich, suffer reflection, ready to sacrifice, etc. Second, the remake allows the younger generation to encounter with deep knowledge that has been embedded by great creators in their artworks. Classical art is full of bottomless meaning, useful for our youth, but it is very difficult to reach them through stall of misunderstanding, because of the difference between modernity and the past. I take the example of classical literature remake to verify it. If the young book reader is looking for models for answers to the vexed questions – Who I am? How to survive in the world? it is unlikely that the classic book will not be able to help him, because it is written in inaccessible and incomprehensible to him language. The reader is looking for the book, which speaks directly, without allegory. In this cause, the modern detective story-remake about official corruption and criminal fraud will touch the reader more alive than the Dead Souls, written about the same thing, but on the outdated language. Consequently, due to a remake, the classics artwork remains indestructible. The remake is a lifebuoy, which was thrown to drowning classical art. For example, a reader would pick up the new-Idiot, a colorful mix of photo models, expensive cars, luxury suites, black criminals would fascinate him. The reader had read to the end of the novel, and it was not about our time, it still would be Dostoevsky’s immortal creation. Due to remake, the reader was acquainted with the great writer Dostoevsky. If it was not interesting remake, adapted for modern times, I do not think that the idea of reading Dostoevsky’s books came to the modern reader’s head, because it seemed to him too boring. Another example to proof that remakes give new life to long-forgotten artwork. There was very popular film of Vera Storozheva â€Å"Heaven. Aircraft. Girl. † This picture is a remake of the Soviet film â€Å"Once again about love. † The younger generation is unlikely to have seen the original, but the storyline and drama, as reflected in the film, which starred Renata Litvinova, many have seen. Therefore, a remake it is second youth of the old classics. Perhaps remakes creating of the same classical can be every ten years. For the reason that, terminology is aging faster than the artwork is goes around the world, and it proves that remakes preserve the art and sneaked it through the years, but the remakers had to modify the original. Finally, main goal of remakes is not only the preservation of cultural heritage, but also are to preserve historical heritage and to immortalize the names of great and talented people. The  remake, its a sign of ultimate fame of the original art, its highest prevalence in the general cultural refinement of the horizon of the nation even as a folded label, the most general idea of the plot. I do not think that Anna Karenina Tolstoys novel – was reading by millions, but millions know that the heroine of this novel, committed suicide under the wheels of a train because of unrequited love. According to the article â€Å"Remakes or expansion of the classics† written by Marina Zagidullina and published in journal UFO in 2004, absentee readers are always more than face to face. The fame of the text is not only measured data forms libraries and sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The above given arguments witness in favor of my opinion that classical art remakes preserve cultural heritage for future generations. In conclusion I want to emphasise that classic is like a queen, and a remake is her true servant even involuntarily, but he exposes his back, so she stepped through him in the future. Remake is a dialogue with classical artworks; it makes todays mass audience to feel involved in the great history of our past.

The Elections Essay -- essays research papers fc

Presidential elections have taken place every four years for more than two hundred years. This year is no exception. The forerunners in the 2000 elections are Governor George Bush (Republican) and Vice President Al Gore (Democrat). These candidates have strong and different views on many issues such as crime, abortion and energy. Crime is a major concern of all American citizens and has been addressed by the majority of candidates in past elections. Voter.com, a web site designed to keep voters informed on the candidates and their stand points on different issues, state that â€Å"Al Gore believes that there is no more fundamental responsibility than to make Americans safer and more secure†¦in there in their homes, on the sidewalks, and in their communities.† Gore also helped pass the â€Å"three strikes and you’re out† law. This law was designed to keep career criminals off the streets, expands the death penalty to drug lords, and about sixty additional ki nds of violent felons (Al Gore on Issue of Crime/Drugs.) George Bush’s view on crime is plain and simple, tough love. Bush firmly believes that criminals should suffer the consequences for their actions. The backbone of Bush’s view on crime is the death penalty. While Bush was in office more than 134 criminals were executed on Texas’ Death Row. Bush is quoted, â€Å" I support the death penalty because I Mace 2 believe†¦capital punishment is a deterrent against future violence and will save other innocent lives† (George Bush on Issue of Crime/Drugs.) Abortion is another important issue at the center stage of both candidates’ campaigns. Gore is pro-choice. He believes that women have the right to choose and plans on making abortion safe, legal, and rare. Kate Michelum, President of the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League, has supported Gore. Michelum stated,† Vice President Gore and the Clinton Administration have alwa ys been dedicated to the principles embodied in Roe v. Wade.† Gore is also currently fighting for $4.5 million to fund additional security enhancements for clinics deemed at risk of violence (Al Gore on Issue of Abortion.) Bush is pro-life with the exceptions of rape, incest, and if the life of the mother is endangered. Bush believes that all children should be welcome to life and protected by law. Bush also supports parental notification standards, no use of taxpayer funds for abortions, ... ...so has the experience of being the Vice President, which is also going to help him out. Bush seems to be a big spender and I don't think I could trust his republican government with the money that I put out for taxes. With all of this in mind I guess everyone else and myself will see if my hypothesis is right when voting day comes. Bibliography Gore Seeks To Broaden Economy Pitch. Ed. Mike Glover. 21 October 2000 Presidency 2000: Albert â€Å"Al† Gore, Jr. Ed. Ron Gunzburger. 10 October 2000 Presidency 2000: George W. Bush Ed. Ron Gunzburger. 10 October 2000 Al Gore. 5 October 2000 Al Gore: The Road To The White House. 5 October 2000 George W. Bush: Biography. 18 September 2000 GeorgeBush.Com: Dick Chaney Biography. 18 September 2000 Nader Shows No Intention Of Easing Attacks On Gore. Ed. Dana Calvo. 21 October 2000 Gore’s Gun Problem. Ed. Karen Tumulty. 22 October 2000 Issues 2000 22 September 2000 Issues 2000 22 September 2000 Gore, Bush Seek Return To Campaign Themes, But International Policy dominates. Ed. Reuters 13 October 2000 Gore: Social Security Must Remain A Fundamental Gurantee Of Retirement Security. 10 October 2000 Al Gore: Joseph Leiberman Biography. 18 September 2000

My Mother Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples, Observation

My Mother When I was young, I drew a picture of my mother. It was her standing in a yard with a house in the background. It wasn't our house, and my mother looked like anyone but herself. Dressed entirely in green, with green hair and a green expression on her green face, she stood in front of a green two-story house surrounded by a green landscape. Green was her favorite color, and I wanted to make a surprise out of the drawing for her. My mother was a god to me in those days, and in my eyes she could do no wrong. I think she understood this, and in turn she lavished attention on me like I was a princess in my own little world whose wishes were to be carried out no matter the cost. We were close, too, and not a day went by when I did not divulge some sort of secret knowledge to my mom. My mother was a game show contestant also, answering countless questions with the infinite patience that only an experienced mom can possess. Her prize for a satisfying answer was a flash of comprehension in my tiny, bright eyes and a hesitant "Oh" as I caught on. It seemed to make my mother just as happy to pass on the age-old knowledge of why the sky is blue as it made me to learn of it. My undying love for her at that age seemed to motivate her to new heights of mom-hood, as she constantly fought battles of her own with my father (who she divorced when I was four), and with her own shortcomings. I also remember my mother as beautiful. She had dark hair-the kind you run your fingers through just to feel how soft it is-and it always smel... ...; I like to believe that I've accepted my self-induced isolation from her with grace, but I must admit that I do hold the hope of bridging the gap between my mother and I. I also hold the hope of amending myself for all the times I've knowingly and purposefully hurt her. Although she is not a god, as I originally assumed, she is a good woman. She has raised me, sheltered me, and loved me for over seventeen years without asking for more than casual chores in return. I believe that the greatest compliment I could ever give my mother is to grow up to be exactly what she wants me to be. I want to make her happy. My gift to her will be my success in life, so that when she's old and gray, and she's knitting me a hideous sweater in her creaky rocking chair, she can sigh, and mumble to herself, "Wow, it was worth it."

Competencies in HR

Core competencies an essential method for the company. It helps to develop the competitive advantage over other companies. The actual sources of advantage are to be found in the management’s capability to combine business varied technologies and production skills onto competencies that authorize and enable individual businesses to adapt rapidly to shifting opportunities. In short, core competencies are the combined learning in the organization, particularly how to organize various production skills and participate numerous streams of technology to accomplish interactions and generate unexpected products (Prahalad, and Hamel, 1990, p. 9-90). In other words, by selecting and focusing on an organization’s core competences, the management is talented to take significance which empowers the organization to attain a greater productivity. The preferred outputs for an organization are increased profits and revenues. The output for an army organization is mission achievement in battle fighting, solidity operations, or homeland protection. Senior management will consequently be judged on their capability to recognize, encourage, and exploit core competencies that create achievement potential progress and revenue for an organization; efficiency and mission success for a military. While great republics usually tend to develop large, all-purpose forces to cover all possibilities and army characters, smaller republics, with both smallest citizens and resources or budgets must consider what core competencies they should emphasis in order to deliver worth additional contributions as association followers, peacekeeping contributors, and ad-hoc partners. These competencies can suggest concentrating on sure position competences. for Volume 9, 2007 Baltic Security & Defence Review 222 What is Competency? Competencies are the fundamental elements of talent management practices. They are the demonstrable and assessable knowledge, skills, behaviors, individual characteristics that are allied with or predicative of excellent job performance. There are two types of competencies: 1) technical competencies and, 2) behavioral competencies. Why competencies importance: The first point is to link the competencies model with business or organizational strategies that make the managements understand and define the skills, attributes, attitude and knowledge leads to high performance. Through competencies model the organization sends a consistent message to the workforce about what it takes to be successful in the job. The importance of competencies matrix helps employees realize what helps drive successful performance. It is an approach concentrate on the â€Å"how† of the job. It means the competency model is behavioral rather than functional concentrate on the people rather than jobs. Moreover, competency models consider as an outcome driven rather than activities, for instance, the job description focus on activities while the competencies matrix focus on outcomes. Integrates HR strategy with organizational strategy both focus of outcomes. The competencies framework set in the heart of HR, it serves as the basis upon which all employees processes are constructed (Berger and Berger, 2011). On the other word, competencies model provides an organization with a common language and a consistent and measurable platform on which Human Resource systems can be based. In addition, the competencies model is important because it: †¢Defining the factors for success in jobs and work roles. Assessing the current performance and future development needs of persons holding jobs and roles. †¢Mapping succession possibilities for employees. †¢Selecting applicants using competency based interviewing & assessment techniques. †¢Designing and determining training solutions. The competency Model: The competency model classifies usually three clusters of competencies: 1-Core competencies: reflect the set of critical competencies required throughout t he company to shape the organizational abilities and culture required to accomplish the strategic goals. Time management, communication and result orientation are an example of core competencies. 2-Leadership competencies: this type of competencies designed for the managerial position of several level for selection, succession planning and development purpose. An example of leadership competencies are Conflict management, leadership skills and strategic thinking. 3-Functional or technical competencies: consider as a special type use specifically for each job family. For example budgeting and forecasting, policies and procedure and payable are an examples of technical competencies.

Definition and Examples of Paragraph Breaks in Prose

Definition and Examples of Paragraph Breaks in Prose A paragraph break is a single line space or an indentation (or both) marking the division between one paragraph and the next in a body of text. It is also known as a  par break. Paragraph breaks conventionally serve to signal the transition from one idea to another in a stretch of text, and from one speaker to another in an exchange of dialogue.  As Noah Lukeman observes in A Dash of Style, the paragraph break is one of the most crucial marks in the  punctuation  world. History Few readers would think of the  paragraph break  as a  punctuation mark, but it certainly is, says Lukeman: In ancient times there were no paragraphs- sentences simply flowed into one another without interruption- but over time text became segmented into paragraphs, first indicated by the letter C. During medieval times, the mark evolved into the paragraph symbol  [ ¶] (called a  pilcrow or a paraph) and eventually became the modern-day paragraph break, which is now indicated by only a line break and indentation. (By the  17th century, the  indented  paragraph had become  the standard paragraph break in Western  prose.) The indentation was originally inserted by early  printers so that they would have space for the large illuminated letters that used to herald paragraphs. Purpose Today, the paragraph break is used not for the convenience of printers but to give readers a break.  Paragraphs that are too long leave readers with dense blocks of text to wade through. To fully understand when to insert a paragraph break or paragraph breaks, its helpful to know that a  paragraph  is a group of closely related sentences  that  develop  a central idea. A paragraph conventionally begins on a new line. Paragraphs are generally two to five sentences- depending on the type of writing you are doing or context of your essay or story- but they can be longer or shorter. The art of creating paragraphs is called  paragraphing, the practice of dividing a  text  into  paragraphs. Paragraphing  is a kindness to your  reader because it divides your thinking into manageable bites, say  David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen in Writing Analytically. They add, More frequent paragraphing provides readers with convenient resting points from which to relaunch themselves into your thinking. Paragraphs used to be longer, but with the advent of the internet, which gave readers access to literally millions of sources of information from which to choose, paragraphs have become increasingly briefer. The style for this website, for example, is to make paragraphs no more than two to three sentences. The Little Seagull Handbook, a grammar and style reference book widely used at many colleges, includes mostly two- to four-sentence paragraphs. Using Paragraph Breaks Correctly Purdue OWL, an online writing and style resource published by Purdue University, says you should start a new paragraph: When you begin a new idea or pointTo contrast information or ideasWhen your readers need a pauseWhen you are ending your introduction or starting your conclusion For example, a story published in the  New York Times  on July 7, 2018 (North Korea Criticizes ‘Gangster-Like’ U.S. Attitude After Talks With Mike Pompeo) covered a complex subject- high-level talks between U.S. and North Korean officials regarding the denuclearization of North Korea. Yet the story contained paragraphs that were no more than two or three sentences, each providing self-contained units of information and linked by transition terms. For example, the second paragraph of the article reads, Despite the criticism, North Korea’s Foreign Ministry said the country’s leader, Kim Jong-un, still wanted to build on the friendly relationship and trust forged with President Trump during their summit meeting in Singapore on June 12. The ministry said Mr. Kim had written a personal letter to Mr. Trump, reiterating that trust.​ And the third paragraph reads, The two sides have a history of veering between harsh talk and conciliation. Mr. Trump briefly called off the Singapore summit meeting over what he called North Korea’s open hostility, only to declare it back on after receiving what he called a very nice letter from Mr. Kim. Note how the first paragraph contains a self-contained information topic: that despite some kind of criticism (described in the opening paragraph of the article), there are two sides involved in denuclearization talks and at least one of the sides, North Korea, wants to retain friendly relations. The next paragraph is joined to the first with transition phrases- the  two sides and the letter- but it covers a totally different topic, the history of tense relations between the two sides. The paragraphs are also roughly equal in size- they are both two sentences long, while the first contains 52 words and the second is made up of 48. Breaking up the paragraphs in any other way would have been jarring to readers. The first paragraph clearly refers to the present situation between the two countries, while the second talks about their up-and-down history. Thoughts on Paragraph Breaks Paragraph breaks allow the writer to change the subject and give the readers eye a rest, says  John Foster, author of Writing Skills for Public Relations: Style and Technique for Mainstream and Social Media. He says that when the text moves from one point to another, that is the time for a paragraph break: However, much will depend on the style of the publication or document and on the column width. For news-style print jobs, using double or multicolumn format, paragraph breaks are usually needed after every second or third sentence- say about every 50 to 70 words. Foster says that for single-column reports, books, manuals, leaflets, and  brochures, it is usually better to have slightly longer paragraphs with perhaps four or five sentences. Much depends on the context, your audience, and the medium in which the work is published. If you remember that each paragraph should discuss one unified topic and that you should use a paragraph break before each new topic, your writing will flow and youll help the reader proceed through your writing in a logical fashion and without straining to get to the last line. Source Rosenwasser, David. Writing Analytically. Jill Stephen, 8th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2018.

3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers

3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers 3 More Sentences with Dangling Modifiers By Mark Nichol When writers attach a phrase to the beginning of a sentence to provide additional information, they must take care that the subject of the sentence actually refers to the action or the thing described in that introductory text. Here are some sentences that illustrate the necessity of this vigilance. 1. â€Å"Originally scheduled for retirement (and certain death) in 2003, the hapless racehorse’s trainer now says that after Glorious Spring’s last race, the horse will be allowed to retire to a comfy pasture on a farm near her birthplace.† This sentence implies that the hapless racehorse’s trainer was originally scheduled for retirement and death – perhaps by execution, because of culpability for the horse’s losing streak? However, it is the horse, not the trainer, whose retirement (and subsequent visit to the slaughterhouse) was averted. The subject of the sentence must be unambiguous: â€Å"The racehorse was originally scheduled for retirement in 2003, but her trainer now says that after Glorious Spring’s last race, the horse will be allowed to retire to a comfy pasture on a farm near Glorious Spring’s birthplace.† (The horse is named again in this revision because the trainer’s gender is not clear thanks to his ambiguous Japanese name, which is not shown in this excerpt and â€Å"her birthplace† might be misconstrued as the trainer’s.) 2. â€Å"Raised in a Lutheran family, two of Paul’s brothers became ministers, and he chose to ‘minister through medicine.’† Two of Paul’s brothers were raised in a Lutheran family, but so were Paul and another brother, and the sentence implies that Lutherans raised only those who became ministers (and, perhaps that those two brothers were raised in another household); the influence of that upbringing on him is obscured. The sentence should be revised to explicitly place the emphasis on Paul (and I’ve clarified the source of the partial quote): â€Å"Paul and his brothers were raised in a Lutheran family, and two of them became ministers, while he chose, as he put it, to ‘minister through medicine.’† 3. â€Å"Normally a four-day voyage, the crew only brought four days’ worth of rations, not anticipating a strong headwind to slow the schooner.† This sentence names the crew as a four-day voyage. To eliminate this unfortunate association, describe the voyage’s customary duration with a simple declarative syntax, then attach the rest of the information: â€Å"The voyage normally took four days, and the crew, not anticipating a strong headwind that slowed the schooner, brought only four days’ worth of rations.† (Note, too, how the revision moves and parenthesizes the incidental information about the obstructive headwind.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†What is Dative Case?10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Harold Coward Book Review Essay Example

Harold Coward Book Review Essay Example Indian Critiques Of Gandhi By Harold Coward Book Review Indian Critiques Of Gandhi By Harold Coward Book Review In regard with the life of Mahatma Gandhi, Coward argues that the ideology that this great person propagated across India and the world as a whole was formed under the influence of other significant historical figures. Mahatma Gandhi had not only supporters and admirers but also critics who had different perspectives. By considering the arguments of both the legendary leader and his critics, the author in this piece decisively and authoritatively allows the reader to appreciate the strengths and the weaknesses of Mahatma Gandhis real contribution to the Indian nation, as well as the rest of the world. The main arguments revolve around independence and Indian nationalism assuming that Gandhis ideology is seen as not always immaculate contrary to what his supporters may think. Harold Coward Book Review This book plays a significant role in the history of India and its politics as it enlightens the reader as to the pluralist opinion that engulfed and possibly continues to engulf this nation in such aspects as independence, democracy and religion, among other things. In the book Indian Critiques of Gandhi, Harold Coward manages to present Mahatma Gandhi and his ideals in a manner that has been overlooked by most history scholars who have a keen interest in learning Gandhi’s contribution to the enlightenment and independence of India. In addition, Harold portrays Mahatma Gandhi as a magnanimous leader who later worked with his fierce critics to secure his country’s independence; however, the author failed to explore the characters of Gandhi’s critics in full to establish their motives. In Distinct Worlds, the author argues that despite his relationship with Gandhi, Nehru was a very dynamic political activist who did not avoid stating his disagreements and often his disappointments with Gandhi’s ideologies. He saw Gandhi rather differently and considered his views to be rather simplistic and non-political, which made the leader being unable to ride the Indian nation at the next level. India was on the verge of a new awakening while the rest of the world and Nehru believed that Gandhi would have to change his perspective and anti-technological philosophies in order to move in the right direction, with the Indian population behind him. It can be noted here that Nehru is not only a friend and possibly a confidant but also a strong critic who was always willing to express his concerns about India under the guidance of Gandhi (Coward 2003). Untouchability is in this case a key point for Gandhi’s criticism. He may not have believed in untouchability, but he certainly did not dedicate himself to dissolving the caste system that at the time was perceived as a problem. In this argument, the author portrays Gandhi’s inadequacy with respect to fighting for the cause of the untouchables in a manner that would have appeased them. However, he employed a different tactic that did not involve dissolving the caste system but elevated the status of the untouchables giving them equal rights instead of the intended autonomy and privileges that they felt they could have. In Indian Nationalism, Gandhi fails to see the significance of requesting for self rule rather than independence. The non-cooperation ideology here is heavily criticized based on its unsettling nature that would create a rift with the colonial masters. In this case, Annie Bensant is seen trying to convince Gandhi of the evils of fighting for independence through non-cooperation; however, he does not heed her arguments, and in the end, the Indian people get their independence. On one hand, Gandhi was right to fight for India’s independence, but as Annie Bensant had predicted, there was a heavy cost to pay, and in this case, it was the war with England. Nonviolence as a central concept in Gandhi’s philosophy is criticized in the context of its limitations with respect to solving the problems of the Indian people and humanity’s struggles in general. On one hand, Nonviolence may be considered as a positive concept for maintaining peace; but with the extremist sentiments of the Gandhian ideologies, it becomes the vulnerability that would expose the Indian nation to so many adversaries. The remainder of the book then argues about the various groups that had issues with the Gandhian philosophy including the Hindu Mahasabha, the Christian community, the Sikhs and the Indian Muslims. Gandhi is also criticized based on his handling of the Hindu Urdu Question, with a special emphasis on the relevance of his actions considering that he is blamed for the separatist mindset that divided the Muslims and the Hindus in India in the first place. From this book, it can be distinguished that the authors are generally looking for the distinctions in Gandhi’s relationship and perspectives within his circle. Although most of his critics are seen as close friends and acquaintances, it can also be noted that some of these individuals never met him in person, and thus their criticism was based purely on rational reasoning but not on personal connections and sentiments. Nevertheless, some of his close friends also offer very strong critique that contains a generally close argument, which, however, did not affect Gandhi’s opinion or conduct. Evaluation and Analysis Distinct Worlds Jawaharlal Nehru was a close friend and admirer of Mahatma Gandhi, but he did not share the legend’s viewpoint in a number of subjects. In the book, it can be seen that Nehru had a radically different mindset, especially in matters such as technology and reality. He considered Mahatma Gandhi a common man who had rather antitechnological and thus pre-modern views. Nehru especially disagreed with Gandhi on the anti-British mentality that demonized all foreign influences brought about by the country’s colonization by the British Empire. In the book, Harold Coward claims that Nehru saw Gandhi as a rather unpolitical person with a simplistic approach. This did not depreciate his admiration for Gandhi’s heroic actions within India and beyond it, but it does prove the fact that Mahatma Gandhi indeed surrounded himself with people from other philosophies and schools of thought. Coward also argues that Nehru’s deep ideological differences shaped the history of Indi a in that it allowed Gandhi to see the other side of his ideology. He may not always have heeded Nehru’s counsel, but he was able to listen to the counterarguments whenever he could. Some of the credible examples provided by the author include non-violence and the suspension on non-cooperative movements in India. Untouchability Dr. Rao Ambedkar is another outspoken critic of Gandhi who is discussed in the book. He is an untouchable who seeks to fight for the oppressed in the Indian society. It can be appreciated that Mahatma Gandhi did not believe in untouchability and that he himself was a great revolutionary for the causes of equality and the eradication of outcasteness. Thus, it is interesting why an untouchable individual would criticize this great mind. The author explains that Dr. Rao Ambedkar’s quarrel with the Gandhi was based on the fact that Gandhi’s interests went beyond the needs of the outcastes (Coward 2003). He did not devote himself to fighting for their equal rights but rather sought to eliminate their oppression. Dr. Ambedkar wanted Gandhi to empower the oppressed classes by giving them privileges that would ensure they had a political power and social strength regardless of the caste they belonged to. However, Gandhi believed in a complete social democracy where castes were not eliminated, but rather outcasteness became history. The author also argues that this particular critic was fastidious in his call to Gandhi’s championing the rights of the oppressed classes and becoming their hero instead of appearing to fight for the larger society. In regard with untouchability and social equality, it can be noted that a number of people at the time considered Gandhi as a spokesperson for the upper classes that were comfortable with the status quo. Nevertheless, it is more appropriate to see Gandhi only focusing on the sustainability of his actions and legislations. He did not need the laws to acknowledge and respect the untouchables but rather the people to be willing to embrace them and see them as a part of the mainstream society. Indian Nationalism Annie Besant was a pro-nationalist from England whose interests centred around supporting England’s influence on India but fighting for the self-rule such that the Indian government would be able to deal with their own matters as they saw fit. However, this contradicted Gandhi’s dream of independence from the British Empire. The author here argues that being a woman in power in India at a time when orthodox Hinduism oppressed both the women and children, Annie was a great mind and her opinion was highly appreciated in Indian political class. She may have been infamous for her revolutionary views, but she was a very powerful person within her circles. In this case, Home Rule as advocated for by Besant was a way to establish sovereignty in a gradual and rather peaceful way as compared to the revolutionary and chaotic way that Gandhi was promoting. Her ideas in this regard went unheeded, and in the end, it was Gandhi who finished leading the nation to independence despite the chaos and disagreements that arouse between India and England. Another aspect of Annie Besant’s contribution to India’s nationalism would be the connection between religion and politics. Gandhi can hardly be called a very religious man (Coward 2003). He believed in the supernatural, but he did not consider religion to play an important role in matters of the state. However, his interaction with Annie Besant changed this perspective and enabled Gandhi to appreciate the role of religion thus redefining Indian nationalism. Nonviolence Sri Aurobindo Ghose is a renowned Indian nationalist who openly criticized the Gandhian concept of nonviolence. Sri Aurobindo was a guru who never actually met Gandhi in person although the two men knew each other given that they were both popular and their ideologies were widespread. In this book, the author points out the fact that Sri Aurobindo Ghose was not a Gandhian, and thus, his criticism of Gandhi’s ideology is rather rational and not sentimental or biased in their inspiration. According to Sri Aurobindo, Gandhi’s stand and emphasis on nonviolence was rather limited in its potential for aiding humanity in its real struggle. As explained by the author here, nonviolence was totally acceptable in the context of a growing nation that still had much to learn. However, its centrality to the Gandhian philosophy hoever made humanity seem very simplistic and their struggles extremely easy. In his wisdom as a guru, writer and later yogi, Sri Aurobindo was able to study t he subject of humanity in depth and breadth, and in the end, he concluded that the consideration for nonviolence in the Gandhian philosophy is noble in the context that it is peaceful. However, the Indian people need to know and understand that they have to fight for their rights and sustain their position even if it meant walking the line between life and death. In this case, his criticism is based on the significance of circumstances that can only be surmounted practically. In this case, nonviolence would make the people vulnerable to their violent adversaries who have proven to advocate against the Gandhian philosophy. The author here argues that Sri Aurobindo’s perspective brings to light the flaws in Gandhi’s emphasis on nonviolence, especially in the way that it opens the nation to destruction by external enemies who do not subscribe to the same ideology. Hindu Mahasabha The Hindu Mahasabha was a group of Hindu leaders who opposed to the idea of a separate state based on religion. They recognized India as a Hindu state and were thus more comfortable if it remained that way. When Muslims were given a separate political leverage with the backing of Mahatma Gandhi, this group strongly criticized the move. They were not in support of a separate political outfit aimed at appeasing the other religions. In this book, the author argues that the Hindu Mahasabha was a group of Hindu leaders who had the interests of the Indian populace at heart. As one would expect, they were fighting for a united India that did not in any way recognize other religions as part of the political leadership. Rather than the separate electorate created for their Muslim brethren, they wanted a united India where all the people had the same level of power. The Hindu Mahasabha specifically blamed Gandhi for the formation of Pakistan, a separate Muslim state that had the audacity to mo ve away from the Hindu roots of the larger India. It is this criticism that later led to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi whose appeasing tendencies towards the Muslims and the British were seen as those misguiding the nation and leading the Indian people to their doom. Christian Community Mahatma Gandhi’s view on Christianity was rather stubborn and persistent, and it never changed even considering the deep friendship he had with some of the Christian missionaries. At the time, Christians in India were seen as denationalized individuals who could not demonstrate their nationalistic views (Coward 2003). At some point, the Indian-Christians were publicly known to oppose the idea of self-rule to the point that they were publishing in newspapers in pursuit of the colonial powers to object to the idea. Gandhi’s view on Christianity was mutually exclusive with nationalism. Owing to its foreign origin, the Christian faith was heavily associated with foreign domination in all aspects of life including politics and society. The irony is that Gandhi himself believed in making personal sacrifices and practicing strict discipline in all aspects of one’s life. However, he did not consider Christianity as a way of life that also respected the concept of making the same sacrifices and following a set order in terms of morals and social relationships. In this book, it is argued that the Christian community did not appreciate Gandhi’s philosophies on a number of subjects including the significance of their faith in their life as Indians. The Christians were especially distraught by the way Gandhi saw them as less Indians due to the fact that they subscribed to Christianity as their chosen religion. The criticism of the Christian community often went unheeded despite the closeness that some of the missionaries enjoyed in their relationship with Gandhi. Some of them even took their time to study his ideas, but he never listened to their concerns. It can be observed in this book that Gandhi is portra yed in his rigidity with respect to ideas and perspectives as a man who barely changed his mind. Sikhs The Sikhs were generally disappointed with Mahatma Gandhi’s ideology. Gandhi was known to endear himself to the Sikhs often referring himself to one of them. He was a disciple of the Guru Granth and he even borrowed numerous Sikh influences for his own prayers and arguments. However, the book here indicates that his affiliation for this group could hardly be called mutual. They considered him a man with no conviction seeing as he was claiming to belong to all religions at the same time. He also broke a number of promises, one of which was the deep Sikh blue that was expected to feature in the Indian flag upon its independence. It can be seen that in as far as religious groups go, the Sikhs significantly influenced Gandhi’s views, but they remained silent or rather mildly critical of his ideas and actions. On the other hand, Gandhi was growing increasingly suspicious of the Sikhs as they seemed to be intending to become an exclusive community within India. Their demands for autonomy in matters of culture and religion were in some ways intriguing, and they managed to distinguish his suspicion, which probably lead to his withdrawal from supporting their cause. At this time, the government had only increased their repression of the Sikhs, and it can be noticed that they lost their faith in Gandhi’s ability to champion their cause and get them the kind of power and recognition that they were fighting for. Indian Muslims In regard with this aspect, the author considers only the Indian Muslims who had known and worked with Mahatma Gandhi in person. It can be appreciated that the opinions of the Muslims with respect to Gandhi’s ideology is somehow torn in the middle. The Muslims generally appreciated the fact that Gandhi had provided them with some level of autonomy in terms of their political position within the Indian nation. However, they were also aware of the amount of division that had been cultivated as a result of this miscalculation. There were so many divisions in India, for example, those between the Muslims and the Hindus, and even Muslims and other Muslims based on Gandhi’s ideas. The author here argues that there were four categories of criticism that Gandhi got from the Indian Muslims including those friendly disagreements, varying policy convictions, direction of Gandhi’s leadership for India, and the continuing shift in Gandhi’s stand on a number of issues. It can be noted here that the book presents Gandhi as a dynamic leader who sought to embrace everyone who he found agreeable but was unable to take a stand and support one specific group at the expense of another. In general, he is seen fighting more for India as a whole than for any specific group. The Hindu Urdu Question Mahatma Gandhi can be especially commended for his efforts towards bridging the Hindi-Urdu rift although he found it already in existence. With the creation of Hindustan, he attempted to incorporate aspects of both Hindu and Urdu in the mainstream Indian society, but he failed miserably. This attempt is known to fuel the separatist policies that engulfed the nation drawing a distinct line between Muslims and Hindus at the time. In regard with the Hindu-Urdu question, Gandhi is widely criticized for enabling a further differentiation between the two languages by trying to bring them together in one language. As people sought autonomy and distinction from the others, they continued to develop their chosen language thus straying further from a united language. This means that the Indian people in general viewed the Hindu Urdu controversy’s escalation in Gandhi’s time as a product of his own miscalculations with the Hindustan creation. While Hindustan became popular in the Hindu speaking parts of the country, it was ignored mostly by the Hindus and Muslims of India as a distraction from their deep seated divisive politics. From the author’s perspective, one might agree here that Gandhi should not have attempted to create a uniform language for these communities. He had already done the damage by allowing political autonomy for the Muslims in India, and his efforts to get them back into the mainstream society were viewed as a feeble attempt to correct his initial grave mistake. Harold Coward’s book is a great insight into the life and work of Mahatma Gandhi and especially into the direction of his leadership. This man has been lauded for bringing India to independence, and that is the story that is commonly told from generation to generation. However, the truth behind this story seemingly differs from the common perception as he was not always the ideal leader that one may view him to be from the history books. His critics highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of his ideas and actions, especially in seeking to solve the challenges of the Indian people as a whole. In this book, Gandhi registers more failures than successes as is the truth in reality. The reason is that he believed in simplicity and can somehow be considered as a simple-minded man who thought everything could be solved by making personal sacrifices and practicing moralist ideas. In this book, one is able to understand why India did not prosper as much as it could have if the leade rship had focused on fostering unity more than in dividing the citizens. It can be appreciated that in contrast to the Gandhi who is discussed in most history classes, Harold Coward’s Gandhi is a phenomenal leader with an equal share of phenomenal critics who elicited the flaws in his mindset and in most cases managed to enlighten the public as to the problems that Gandhi created in India’s future.

Reliance Baking Soda of Stewart Corporation Essay - 35

Reliance Baking Soda of Stewart Corporation - Essay Example Regnante has been promoted to a higher position that requires her managerial experience and decision-making skills to be put in practice, in addition, prove that she is worth the position of Domestic Brand Director. Moreover, the first task that has come with this position is very challenging. The task of increasing the Corporation’s profit by 10%, through developing a 2008 budget P& L, calls for strategic thinking. Regnant's plan aimed at achieving the goal of increasing profit by 10% starts by collecting information pertaining to past promotional strategies of RBS. RBS has a considerable market share since its competitors, private label brands, only enjoy 30% of the market share, and this is a good opportunity on the side of the corporation. Regnant's plan of achieving the stated goal has been fueled up by a 2006 consumer survey. The survey purports that RBS enjoys excellent brand awareness and loyalty, but on the flipside, it suffers from low advertisement. Regnante is aware that generating an additional profit of 10% through Marketing RBS, which is an old-fashioned and mainstay product will require a monitored expenditure. This means that whatever amount the Corporation spends on promotion should be worthwhile, and thus, she has embarked on scrutinizing past promotional strategies of RBS. The marketing mixes that Regnante has put into consideration are distribution, pricing, advertising, consumer promotion, and trade promotion (Ferrell & Hartline 15). In distribution, RBS has an opportunity since the highest percentage of grocery stores, mass merchandisers, warehouse clubs and drug stores stock the product. The distribution of RBS also has strength because the sales agents handling retail and wholesale of the product are paid through bonus on sales targets. When it comes to pricing, in the last five years the selling price of RBS was changed three times.RBS’s

Environmental economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental economics - Essay Example According to Berlin, steps are underway to enable Germany meet its target to cut down carbon emissions by the year 2020 (Thomas n.p). The emissions will be down by 40% and later will do away with fossil and nuclear form of energy. The plan will affect companies’ profits from power plants as the government subsidizes the renewed energy. However, there is a rise in the cost of electricity, as consumers have to meet the costs of the subsidies for renewable sources of energy. The economy of Germany is growing well despite the rising costs of energy and has managed to reduce the energy intensity. Germany has become the largest exporter of solar inverters by the help of its renewable energy Act passed in 2000.Solar photovoltaic cells have provided cheap energy for the residents reducing the cost of electricity (Thomas n.p). Germany is aiming at the smart energy management concept by creating smart homes to create more comfort. Economics is an area that focuses on the growth of the economy in various ways such as job creation and other forms of developments. Renewable energy industry creates many jobs in Germany as highlighted in the article with individuals working in the industries that manufacture cells and another gadget that use solar, the wind, or wave energy. Employment is one of the major factors affecting the economy and since it leads to high incomes and a high standards of living. Development of the renewable energy facilitates and promotes developments in Germany with many people buying shares in the power generating companies (Thomas n.p). Since the renewable energy sector is labour intensive, many people are employed and can save for further investments. The payments received by the landowners in Germany after the company installs windmills in their land increases their income. Adoption of strong policies for the renewable energy will enable

Information Security and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Information Security and Ethics - Essay Example Organizational strategies (policies, leadership, training, etc.) specification is one policy that would be required where each employee has his or her computer, to prevent spread of viruses when one is infected. Further, the organization should control the sites in the network and also external devices plugged into to the computer. This can be appropriately be described as type of software that support advertisements. It displays or downloads a banner that is not wanted by the user, within his or her software. The software is most of the time embedded with the software of interest by the manufacturer, with the intent of sinking the cost of development. With regard to protecting the organization system from adware, the organization should ensure that, only licensed and registered software is purchased. They should also install antivirus to attack the abrupt advertisements. Furthermore, it should within the planning of the organization, to trades with licensed software producing companies. It should also ensure that employees have clear instruction as to whom to consult in case of software installation in their computers. The impact of the threat is that it can either corrupt the data or steal the information stored by the user. Example is the computer virus which decodes or corrupts the system information of the computer, autorun   It is defined as a malicious set of instructions that executes actions within the machine without user’s legal authorization. The impacts of Trojan include data copying, modification, blocking, deleting or even disruption of network and computer performances.   Installation of firewall, security passwords, and data encryption should be done. The local connection within the organization should have identification, such that; only those people permitted to access, can gain entry in to the system. Another threat experienced by the organizations is hackers. These are unwarranted users of network or computer. Their impact to

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous Research Paper

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous crimes - Research Paper Example hment, most people are afraid of death that is inflicted by the law; hence, what is most fearful is likely to deter most criminals into engaging in heinous crimes. According to Hess and Drowns in their book wrote that death penalty is a better deterrent to violent youths (330). Administering death penalty will be effective in deterring murderers who might otherwise not been deterred through any other means when they friend face this punishment. This is because most of these murderers when given life sentence in place of death penalty, they continue committing crimes in prison, such as murdering other prisoners or even prison wards; therefore, death sentence is the only punishment that can be used to prevent such criminals from committing crimes. Otherwise, they will not be discouraged into committing heinous crimes through any other means, and again because both convicted prisoners and prison warders deserve protection from these criminals. In addition, it is important to enforce death penalty as a form of retribution even though death penalty does not prove to stop murderers from continuing the practice due to the threat of life imprisonment. On the contrary, the finality of death penalty creates fear amongst criminals and sparing the life of prospective victims by deterring those who murdered them, is of more importance than preserving the life of a convicted murderer because of the possibility that executing them will not necessarily deter other murderers. Therefore, in addition, to using death penalty to prevent crime, it is not imposed for the main purpose of reattributing crimes, for instance, in case of murder it is unjust for the criminal to live. Putting threats and punishment is a necessity in the deterrence since it a one justification for violent crimes. Therefore, a criminal who commits heinous crime volunteers to assume the risks involved; hence, the punishment suffered is voluntarily risked and it is unj ust to the criminal not to be convicted and

Media Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Media Entertainment - Essay Example This report declares that the purpose of media entertainment is to, simply put, entertain the masses. The various mediums of media offer different experiences, allowing everyone to have more than a couple of options of how to be entertained. Music entertainment exists for people who only want to please their sense of hearing; for people that like to sing along with their music, it also offers them the chance to engage with this form of entertainment. Television shows and movies provide people with the opportunity to watch various exploits as if viewing from the sidelines. Video games all people to actually engage with the storyline of their entertainment. For those that like to watch or listen to news broadcasts or sporting events, they can do so without having to leave their home. There is a form of media for everyone. This paper explores that the various functions of media entertainment encompass various ways to entertain and inform people. Though there are people that believe the media will be the downfall of intelligence in children and the human race as a whole, studies have shown that being subjected to media entertainment, regardless of the medium, can help a person to become well rounded and cultured, as they are experiences different life events, situations, and artistic expression via the media. However, to make the learning experience more enjoyable, the media really has to play up on the entertaining aspects of their entertainment. Likewise, the entertaining aspects of the media also need to be as such to attract various audiences and to bring them coming back for more.

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous Research Paper

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous crimes - Research Paper Example hment, most people are afraid of death that is inflicted by the law; hence, what is most fearful is likely to deter most criminals into engaging in heinous crimes. According to Hess and Drowns in their book wrote that death penalty is a better deterrent to violent youths (330). Administering death penalty will be effective in deterring murderers who might otherwise not been deterred through any other means when they friend face this punishment. This is because most of these murderers when given life sentence in place of death penalty, they continue committing crimes in prison, such as murdering other prisoners or even prison wards; therefore, death sentence is the only punishment that can be used to prevent such criminals from committing crimes. Otherwise, they will not be discouraged into committing heinous crimes through any other means, and again because both convicted prisoners and prison warders deserve protection from these criminals. In addition, it is important to enforce death penalty as a form of retribution even though death penalty does not prove to stop murderers from continuing the practice due to the threat of life imprisonment. On the contrary, the finality of death penalty creates fear amongst criminals and sparing the life of prospective victims by deterring those who murdered them, is of more importance than preserving the life of a convicted murderer because of the possibility that executing them will not necessarily deter other murderers. Therefore, in addition, to using death penalty to prevent crime, it is not imposed for the main purpose of reattributing crimes, for instance, in case of murder it is unjust for the criminal to live. Putting threats and punishment is a necessity in the deterrence since it a one justification for violent crimes. Therefore, a criminal who commits heinous crime volunteers to assume the risks involved; hence, the punishment suffered is voluntarily risked and it is unj ust to the criminal not to be convicted and

Its on Shunsuke Nakamure the Japanese soccer player Research Paper

Its on Shunsuke Nakamure the Japanese soccer player - Research Paper Example other popular soccer players such as David Beckam and Wyne Rooney among others, who have constantly appeared on leading print and electronic media as a result of behaving poorly in the scrutiny of the public eye. Beckam and Rooney have in the past attracted multiple sex scandals, which have continued to portray them in a negative manner even though they are soccer celebrities (Fukasawa 2010 p 13). Probably, this has not been the case with Nakamura due to the fact that he is a dedicated family man, who spends his free time with his family. This he accomplishes by accompanying them in nature walks in parks around the city, failure to which he would participate in bowling activities with his personal friends (Fukasawa 2010 p 16). Drinking of alcohol is considered by many as a major tool for socializing and meeting new friends as well as spending leisure time. However, the soccer guru does not subscribe to this school of thought. Despite the fact that he has the means and access to numerous pubs, it has been observed that he does not participate in drinking activities (Geddes 2009). Instead of doing so, he takes his time away from work to enjoy his hobbies which include and not limited to; playing computer games, watching Japanese movies more so because he is not well skilled in listening or conversing in English. He also plays guitar as well as listening to music and it has also been observed that he is a fan of Kung-fu and horse riding (Fukasawa 2010 p 22). Concentration on these activities can be credited for the player’s lack of media attention outside the football pitch and has also enabled him to remain one of the most respected football stars. It is also necessary to note that Nakamura is always keen on observing healthy diet, in order to maintain his health as well as body shape. He perceives eating of fish, chips and drinking as bad behavior for professional footballers, one that according to him cannot be tolerated and is not popular in his country. He

The Scarlet Letter Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Essay Doesn’t redemption require more than just a simple sorry? Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the letter â€Å"A† to prove redemption may be possible through one’s admirable actions. As stated in The Scarlet Letter, Many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. † (Hawthorne 111) meaning Hester Prynne changed the view that others had of her because of her scarlet letter. The punishment from a women’s wrongdoing was soon interpreted from a symbol of sin to a symbol of kindness due to redemption. Hester engages in a variety of acts that turned her from being classified as a horrible human being, into being an idol to the majority of the town. Hester demonstrates what it is like to be an outcast in society. When the town finds out that Hester had committed adultery, everybody views her differently than before. They only see her as a sinner and they all gather to watch her be humiliated and punished in front of the rest of the town. Although Hester did not regret committing her sin, the opinions of others still affect her in a certain way. She is shameful, but not remorseful. As proven, Hester’s thoughts are revealed as, â€Å"Like all other joys, she rejected it as a sin. † (Hawthorne 57) Hawthorne mentions that â€Å"The exception indicated the ever relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin. † (Hawthorne 57) This quote proves that society has an entirely different view on Hester just because she will now have a scarlet letter on her breast. During this time, Puritans viewed Hester’s sin in the same way present day society views murder, which is why everybody is repulsed with her because of her act of adultery. The following quote demonstrates Hester’s shame towards having to wear the letter â€Å"As if the letter were not of red cloth, but red-hot iron. I shuddered, and involuntarily let it fall upon the floor. † (Hawthorne 60) This quote displays the severe emotional scarring Hester feels from a small, but extremely significant physical designation handed down from the Puritans. It seems that she is ashamed of the fact that there is going to be an obvious difference between her and the rest of society now. Society thought Hester’s embroidering was too lenient of a punishment. One of the old townspeople even says â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynnes forehead. (Hawthorne 36) At this point in the novel, Hester will not be forgiven nor liked by anyone. Hester suffers in ways that other people do not see, though. The letter â€Å"A† had lead up to Hester almost losing her daughter, Pearl, â€Å"No, my little Pearl! Thou must gather thine own sunshine. I have none to give thee! † (Hawthorne 71) The governor had ordered his servant to take Pearl away once and for all which was all relevant to Hester having the letter A on her bosom. Although people may think Hester’s punishment wasn’t severe enough, her guilt ate at her more than the letter put on her chest. Pearl is also walking proof that is a constant reminder to Hester of her sin and wrongdoing. Many puritans, including Hester herself, view Pearl as the Devil’s child because she was created by sin and is said to be the Devil’s work. Hester’s sin resulted in more consequence than what only lied on her breast. Hester begins to no longer feel humiliated and wears her scarlet letter with pride. She does this to show she is not keeping her scarlet letter a secret any longer. It is said that â€Å"On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold-thread, appeared the letter A. It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore; and which was of a splendor in accordance with the taste of the age, but greatly beyond what was allowed by the sumptuary regulations of the colony. (Hawthorne 37) This quote is very meaningful to who Hester becomes. It brings out her character and exemplifies her attitude towards her embroidering. She made an effort to show that the opinion of others would not affect her because of this beautiful letter she created for herself. Her creation symbolizes pride and confidence. Dimmesdale also proves this by telling Hester, â€Å"Happy you are, Hester, that we ar that scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret!! † (Hawthorne 131) This provides the information that Hester in fact does almost show off her scarlet letter. Hester uses her skill and unleashes her pride to show society that she is no longer affected by wearing the letter and more importantly, she does not care for their opinions. Society not only becomes accepting of Hester, but they forgive and begin to admire her. The townspeople declares that Hester’s â€Å"A† â€Å"Meant Able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a women’s strength. † (Hawthorne 111) This signifies that Hester has changed the meaning of the letter â€Å"A† from the original meaning of â€Å"Adultery† to meaning â€Å"Able† because she is so strong and helpful in her society. Hester becomes well-respected in her town by the admirable acts she commits. She becomes involved in charity work although the poor doesn’t show compassion towards her; it does not matter because she enjoys helping and doing a good deed from her heart. Not only does Hester partake in charity work, but she also puts her skills towards helping out the needy by knitting clothing for them. Because of these kind acts, it is commonly known that Hester â€Å"Is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted! † (Hawthorne 111) Hester changes the view of herself in society’s eyes as a person who is seem as a poor and sinful human being to being honorable and admirable. At the end of Hester’s life she is known as a happy, capable, and honorable legend. You know that Hawthorne is presenting the peak of Hester’s redemption when the town debates as to whether or not Hester’s letter can be removed. Hester’s reply to the debate over the removal of her letter is It lies not in the pleasure of the magistrates to take off this badge. Were I worthy to be quit of it, it would fall away of its own nature, or be transformed into something that should speak a different purport. (Hawthorne 116) Through this quote, Hester is saying the letter can’t and shall not be removed. Furthermore, that only God’s word and the course of nature can result in the letter vanishing from her bosom, not the townspeople’s words. Hester is an honorable woman even after she passes away. She is remembered and served as a legend. It is said that â€Å"As if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet, one tombstone served fo r both. † (Hawthorne 180) This quote summarizes all of societies view on Hester. Even though Hester had committed infidelity, they still bury her next to her true lover with a shared gravestone. Even in the strictest of all environments, Hester was able to make an exception to Puritan rules and values. Redeeming yourself may take long and require hard work, but if you are committed to turning yourself around, you can. In the beginning of the novel, people are ashamed of Hester’s immorality and they think that her punishment is not nearly as severe as her sin. Society wanted nothing to do with Hester because they saw her as nothing, but a sinner and no longer a Puritan. Throughout the novel, Hester begins to make something of her, beginning with not dwelling on her sin any longer and lifting her chin up high. She commits great acts of kindness for the poor and for the needy to the point where people begin to admire Hester for her acts such caring deeds. All throughout the novel, Hester proves that redeeming yourself is a process. You cannot just apologize for the wrong you have done and be forgiven; you have to take one step at a time. Once you reach the top of the staircase, you have proven you are worthy and capable of being fully redeemed.

General business overview of Tesco

General business overview of Tesco Tesco was founded about 1919 by a person call Jack Cohen in  Londons  East End. In this year as well he Jack Cohren started was selling groceries in the markets of the East End.   After about 5 years the name TESCO started to appear on labels because Jack Cohen brought a large shipment of tea from a company called T.E. Stockwell.   Due to this he put the first two letters of the supplier of tea along with the first two letters of his surname and this spelt out TESCO.   The first Tesco store opened in 1929 and now it has 1,800 stores just in the UK and its present felt in 12 countries.   Tesco now is the largest British  retailer, both by global sales and by domestic market share, and the fourth largest retailer in the world behindWal-Mart  of the United States,  Carrefour  of France, and  The Home Depot  of the United States. Tesco used to only sell food but now it has moved into areas such as  clothes,  consumer electronics, consumer  financial services, selling and renting  DVDs,  compact discs  and  music downloads,  internet  service and consumer  telecoms. Tesco over the years is UKs most popular retailer with over 13 million customers a week, number of non food products/services available has gradually increased, Tesco.com is the world largest home delivery service in the world and it is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion in other countries.   The reason for all these success mentioned above is all down to one thing, which is the approach taken by Tesco on customer focused.   Tesco is unique in this way because many retailers would tend to focus only on profits.   However, Tesco as well as making profits would like to create value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty.   ( Tesco Interim report, 2005) This can be seen in Tesco mission statement and the way this is achieved is through corporate strategy.   The corporate strategy of this retailer consist of four parts; UK Core Business, Retail Services, Non-Food and International.   It can be seen from the annual report that the profits in eac h of these four strategies have gone up.   In the UK Core Business profits went up 14.9% compared with few years back where there was an increase of 12.7% , Retailing Services was  £40 million pounds but now it is  £70 million pounds, Non food was expected market share to only be 6% but it is actually 7% and the operations in overseas market is now in 12 countries. The success of this strategy needs to be broken down in order to provide evidence to show how effective Tesco as been and in what way. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UK  Core Business Tesco has got a strong UK Core Business because this is where everything started from and gradually as the years went on the retailer was able to exploit opportunities.   This was done through innovation and having the energy in finding ways to expand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After five years there were only 728 stores in the  UK  (Tesco Account Watch, 2002).   However, now that numbers has dramatically increased to 1,800 stores (Tesco, 2006) with more then 260,000 employees.   From this it can be seen that Tesco idea of expansion was a huge success and this is reflective in the profitability where the sales are  £32.7 billion pounds and the operating profits are  £1.788 million pounds. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Food This is seen as being important for Tesco because in the future they would like be in front of their competitors.   This can be seen in an annual report of 2002 where it state that ..in the long term would like to be as strong as it is in food to have 6% market share within the next three years. (Tesco Account Watch, 2002)However Tesco have succeeded the expected market share by gaining a market share of 7%. (Tesco,2006)   The main reason why this has gone up is due to the fact that Tesco has been able to offer over 100 new products including CDs, electrical goods, clothes etc at low prices and at good quality.   By doing this, it will allow this retailer to keep customer loyalty for a long time as well. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retailing Services The effective way of implementing this according to Tesco is through joint ventures with major players in the sector they want to operate.   Bu doing this it allows Tesco to the ability to contribute it customer base as well as brand strengths to the partnership and vice versa.   Ã‚  This has been done exceptionally well since Tesco were able to follow customer (Tesco Account Watch, 2002) by offering a wide range of products/services not just to existing customers but to new one as well. Tesco offer three things so far; Tesco Personal Finance (TPF), Tesco.com and Tesco telecom.   All these have done well with the increase profits of  £70 million pounds for TPF, Tesco.com sales nearly  £1 billion pounds and the telecom is serving over half a million customers. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  International The expansion of Tesco overseas first took place in 2004 where it was decided that Central Europe and the Far East would be first to have a Tesco.   Since this retailer was so successful in the  UK  it did not enter the market in the Western European and  USA  because it was not ready since it didnt know the market, culture, etc.   However expanding in  Central Europe  and  Far Eastwas a good choice to start off with because it allowed them to use the best practice suitable for them for developing stores efficiently and at minimum cost.   It also allowed them build the store as soon as possible since a range of store formats that can be rolled out quickly as required (Tesco Account Watch, 2002). Ever since the first expansion in 2004 Tesco now is operating in 12 different countries with further expansion going on in Western Europe and in USA.   The expansion occurred through six different steps:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1st   Being  Flexible   Approaching market differently since all markets are unique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2nd   Act  Local   Need to get the attention of the local and build relationship with them as well.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3rd   Keep  Focus- It always take time to establish in a market therefore need to always be focus on the tasks in hand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4th   Be  Muli-format   Need to be able to adapt a number of different store format since only format will not reach the whole market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5th   Develop  Capability   Need to be able to train people and develop relationship with others and share the information is vital for the chance of success.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6th   Build  Brands   This allow establishing long relationship with customers.   From the above it can be seen that the strategy that Tesco have are very much related to giving customers the best service by offering a range of products at low prices and at different places.   By putting all their attention on customers would allow them to exceed expectations in terms of profitability. Tesco Strategy From examining Tesco strategy it can be concluded that Tesco follow deliberate strategy which can de defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦quality of acting intentionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they think before they do, (Wit Meyer,2004).   Tesco follow this strategy because they intend to do something which is realised afterwards.   For example one of Tesco strategy is about  UK  which involves frequent contact with customers and building new stores which meet different customers needs.   From these the profitability for the  UK  has gone up therefore it was realised that this strategy is working well.   Similar to this is that the other strategy about international, non food products and services have all seen an increase in the profitability. Tesco tend to have a plan for each strategy which further illustrate that Tesco follow deliberate strategy.   When Tesco started off it the strategy was pile it high and sell it cheap.   This was unsuccessful and a plan was put together and a new strategy came which was about achieving customers loyalty for a lifetime.   This is a success and if the fundamental purpose of Tesco. Tesco on the other hand strategy may fall in the category of emergent strategy.   This can be seen from the non food products.   Tesco offering telecoms, internet etc falls here because the opportunities were there which needed to be exploited.   Similar to this is that if Tesco did not take these opportunities with both hands the threat was that other supermarkets would take full advantage of this.   Also a threat was that if a competitor does something the supermarket must follow to remain competitive (Elsevier bookshop, 2006). Overall the approach taken by Tesco is a rational planning approach.   The reason for this is because Tesco knows the direction it went to go, the main purpose of the business is known and the objectives are established.   All these are done differently through different analysis such as External/Internal environment, assessing current position etc. Financial Analysis Profitability Ratios The following ratios compare Tesco Store Plc and WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Return on Investment Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supernmarkets PLC 20.08% (Anuual Report 2006) 5.55% (Annual report, 2006) The above ratio shows how management use the company assets to generate revenue. In the above ratio it can be seen that Tesco Plc, 20.08% earning are much higher compared to WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC which is 5.55%.   Due to the big gap between these two companies it clearly shows that Tescos operational management is more efficiently making full use of the companys asset to generate more sales. Gross Profit Tesco Plc WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC 7.7% (Annual report, 2006) 24.58% (Fame-analysis) The above ratio is an important measurement in terms of profitability since it basically measures the trading effectiveness and basic profit earning capability of a company.   From the above ratio it quite strange that WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC ratio is much better in comparison with Tesco Stores PLC.   Therefore it shows that the production and distribution efficiency of WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC that it manages to earn a greater percentage of gross profit than Tesco Stores PLC. Net Profit Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 5.7% (Annual report, 2006) 2.6% (Fame-analysis) This figure above shows the companies profit after taking all the expenses off and other costs as well from the gross profit.   Tesco PLC net ratio is 5.7% whereas WM Morrisons Supermarket PLC is 2.6%.   Investment Ratio Earning per Share (EPS) Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 20.07p (Annual report,2006) 9.46p (Annual report 2006) The investment in a company tend to be made in stocks/shares therefore the above ratio is essential in the assessing the market value of the companys shares.   Tescos share is much greater than WM Morrisons Supermarkets Plc therefore it can offer more to its stockholders.   The above figures were taken from annual reports 2006.   Also the above shows that investors have trust in Tesco using the money is used to it full capacity. Dividend Yield Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.98% (Annual report 2006) 1.23% (Annual report 2006) Just like mentioned above this ratio also allows investors to assess the investment potential in a companys shares.   Tesco offer greater dividend yield therefore investors will be interested in this company rather than WM Morriosns Supermarkets.   It also shows that investors would be more attracted to Tesco and not to WM Morrisons Supermarkets. Dividend Cover Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2 times (Annual report, 2006) The Dividend Cover ratio shows how many times the ordinary dividend could be paid out of current earnings.   In the case of Tesco it is paying our half of its earning as ordinary dividend. Liquid Ratios Current Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 1.09:1 (Annual Report 2006) 0.45:1 (Fame analysis) The current assets are required to meet the companys debt as they are due.   The above ratio indicates this relationship especially for both supermarkets.   It shows that both companies are able to turnaround stock into cash.   However, from the above figures it shows that Tesco are much better prospects for lenders as compared to WM Morrisons Supermarkets whose current assets are less than current liabilities. Acid Test Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0.68:1 (Annual report-2006) 0.23:1(Fame Analysis) The above ratio is used to compare the current asset without the stock with current liabilities.   The ratio itself does not actually provide any assurance that both these companies will meet futures payments.   Due to this both the above ratio show the level of stock each company holds because has retailers they are expected to keep certain amount of stocks. Efficiency Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 25 times (Annual report, 2006) 30 times (FAME- analysis) The Stock Turnover Ratio shows the average amount of times stock is held before being sold.   Since Tesco is big it is expected that stock would be sold more quickly than compared to WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC. Fixed assets turnover ratio Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 2.12 (Annual report, 2006) 1.83 (FAME- analysis) Fixed asset enable a company to function more efficiency therefore with Tesco having a high fixed asset ratio compared with WM Morrions Supermarkets are able to generate more sales.   Trade debtor collection period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 0 days (Fame analysis) 2.53 days (Fame- analysis) The ratio is about debtor and this is the time taken to receive a payment from customers.   Tesco get the money straight away with no problems whereas WM Morrsions Supermarkets PLC tends to get the money after couple of days.   This may be down to Morrisons having a policy where it takes cheques a couple of day to be cleared or other policies related to cash. Trade creditor payment period Tesco Plc WM Morrisons Supermarkets plc 26.60 days (FAME ANALYSIS) 36.24 days (Fame-analysis) This shows that it takes on average a month for a supermarket to pay back to creditors.   Tesco are able to do this quicker than Morrisons because of it ability to turn stock into cash very quickly. All the above refer to Appendix 1 which is related to Tesco, Appendix 2 which is related to WM Morrison and Appendix 3 which is related to calculations. Value Chain Analysis The Primary Activities Within the primary activities it can be seen that a key element of Tescos strategy is to have a relationship with suppliers which is quick and cost effective.   The reason for this is due to the fact that ..the greater the number of participants, the greater the synergy opportunities and the greater the change of leveraging action within the logistics and network services provider community. (Fernie Sparks, 1999)   By having a strong relationship with suppliers will enable Tesco to exchange information with suppliers which will result in having a greater opportunity to adapt to the changing environment.   The approach taken by Tesco is an important aspect especially achieving competitive advantage.   However, Tesco should do it not only with cost in mind but bearing in mind that the highest quality goods are produced more quickly and efficiently.   The transformation of its distribution operations has over the part 10 years seen the introduction of Tesco own brands which m ean that these goods will stay in Tescos control longer than other goods.    The decisions of management along with the introduction of effective technology such as software and IT systems, laser scanning which automatically re-orders goods, have all helped Tesco to position itself in the market place.   One of the reasons for Tesco success is due to technology in all parts of the business because technology has a powerful effect on competitive advantage in either cost or differentiation. (Porter, 1998) Tesco work very closely with suppliers to extend growing seasons for particular crops like strawberry which is available throughout the year.   In this situation Tesco do depend on the suppliers making the crops during the year.   However, in the longer period Tesco will be able to save costs.   By extending growing season there is a lower dependency on the warehouse and JIT production of goods. The need to work closely with suppliers and transport services is critical and using local producers wherever possible results in Tesco dealing with a number of companies and according to Christopher,1998 effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage a position of enduring superiority over competitors in terms of customer preference.   The main thing is being innovative and looking at how to improve things constantly as well as considering the environment impact of its action.   This again will reinforce the competitive position as Porter, 1998 suggested companies achieve competitive advantage through act of innovation.   It is very difficult for a supermarket like Tesco to produce the same success again therefore Tesco must continue to re -invent itself to stay ahead in this market. The Supporting Activities The companys infrastructure is based on decisions of management which help communication and control.   Support functions such as accounting, administration, public relation and marketing.   There are many people who deal with investigation and sourcing products for example, for non food products there are over 100 people.   Tesco employs over 260,000 people, (Tesco, 2006) which is a huge cost especially in terms of minimum wage.   The other costs which are involved are recruitment, training and development.   Other things such as planning, public affairs, quality assurance are all time consuming. Technology development is important because it allows Tesco to be able to adapt to its changing environment.   Tesco on line shopping is a huge success along with other things like financial service, mobile phone, clothes and electrical goods. Tesco recognizes regional differences when it comes to procurement.   They have established dedicated buying teams In the UK.   Tesco have also made arrangements not only with large producers or manufacturers of goods, but also individual farmers.   Their Fairtrade policy ( Tesco CR , 2006) ensures that the farmers receive a fair price and that consumers pay a fair price.   Long term relationships with suppliers are important, with over 1500 suppliers working with Tesco for five years.   Tesco works with suppliers and encourages them to develop regional offices in line with Tescos own distribution centres. In Tecso it can be seen that the value chain for competing in a particular industry is embedded in larger streams of activities.. (Porter, 1998). The primary activities for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 4 and the supporting activities can be seen in Appendix 5. PESTLE Analysis Political There are many external influences which affect Tesco like local business taxes as well as government introducing taxes on different products.   When Tesco decide to build new stores it will not be straight forward to do because the local and regional planning policy is extremely costly and time consuming.   Complying with government legislations is a must for Tesco since it relates to food hygiene, employment, health and safety.  Ã‚   Tesco is also under the pressure on a number of different issues. For example Friend of the Earth who believe that Tesco is using every trick in the book to dominate the retail market and coerce local authorities. ( Friend of the Earth, 2006)   and also from something call Tescopoly.   Tescopoly is to challenge the negative impacts of Tescos behaviour along its supply chains both in the  UK  and internationally, on small businesses, on communities and the environment (Tescopoly, 1995) It also makes sure that the products are made from rec ycle items and protecting the environment is the key. Environment This is a major focus not just for Tesco but for all businesses in the  UK  as well as overseas.   The issue of global warming and climate change affects everyone.   Tesco is addressing the issue by minimizing waste and recycling, by rewarding customers for re using bags (Tesco Report, 2006).   They have also spent over  £100m on a range of products from wind turbines to gasification plants.   Another thing Tesco is trying to do is reduce energy consumption (Tesco Report, 2006) with the introduction of improved heating and ventilation systems. Social The social impact of opening new stores is immense.   By opening new stores Tesco are creating new employments for many people and also they are using local suppliers rather then getting suppliers from different part of the  UK.   Tesco is a very dedicated supermarket which always gives money to a charity every year.   It also encourages healthy eating with their healthy option menus therefore encouraging the nation to get healthier and fitter combined with charitable activities like the Race for Life. (Tesco corporate, 2007) Technology Technology has improved massively over the years and it has dramatically affected Tesco.   By introducing on line shopping, improved refrigeration techniques, sophisticated software for monitoring customer loyalty shoppers and their buyers pattern and new services being offered have all together improved customer service, reducing costs and sustaining competitive advantage.   Legal The main legal issue here is related to what was mentioned above.   Since the introduction of new products/services there is a chance of customers being exposed to credit card fraud.   Ã‚  The legal department within Tesco is kept busy with the need to respond to customer complaints and compensation claims, such as the recent fuel issues.   Another thing is complying with any rules or regulations which are set out from the government to the Competition commission. Economic The main issues which have been talked about recently are fuel costs, congestion or mileage charges will also affect Tesco profitability.   On the other hand some positives can be taken for example charitable donations made by Tesco to local and regional areas.   Tesco by using local suppliers will also have an impact on the economy.   Ã‚  Tesco is promising lower prices (Tesco Report, 2006) because it want to provide a range of products which are of high quality to all customers especially those families with low income. The PESTLE Analysis for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 6 Porters Five Forces Model Competitive Rivalry The supermarket industry is high competitive in the  UK  with four supermarkets dominating the market; Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons.   This market has never been more ferocious in the battle to capture the customers loyalty (Bevan, 2005).   The one which is leading the other supermarkets in the  UK  is Tesco with 32% market share (Wekepedia, 2005) whilst the rest of the supermarkets have each got less then 20% markets share. The competitive rivalry in the  UK  is not based on the types of products sold because all supermarkets sell the same products.   However, the rivalry is based on pricing and value for money (Seth Randell, 2001). The use of technology allows this market to be more competitive because the use of technology allows a number of advantages including quicker way to speed up stock replenishment.   For example in Tesco they use Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS) not just for checkout but   for a range of things like  fully integrated accounting, inventory management, open to buy forecasting, customer relation management (CRM), service management, rental, and payroll modules. (Thompson,2003).   Another thing which Tesco also use is EDI(Electronic Data Interchange ) which is a set of standards for structuring information to be electronically exchanged between and within businesses, organizations, government entities and other groups.   Other supermarkets use the above as well but the way Tesco use this is why Tesco is the largest supermarket in the UK. The competitve rivalry may get evenmore tense if for example other global competitors like Carrefour decide to come into the UK market by acquisition of weaker companies. Threat of new entrants Since the UK industry is dominated by four major supermarkets the threat of new entrants is high.   This is due to enconomies of scale in terms of shopping area and length of distribution channels.   These two are important factors especially in the UK however, the cost of these two are very high and a new entrant would suffer.   Similar to this is that new entrant have limited access to distribution channels in the UK because the supermarkets have already got control of these.   Another problem for a new entrant is that it will be difficult to achieve cost adavntage.   The reason for this is due to the fact that the four major supermarkets in the UK have occurred cost advantage through continually development in studying customers (buying patterns, money spent etc) and competitors.   The important part is regard to building relationship with suppiers and customers because it takes time to gain someone trust.   Due to this trying to change customers brand loyalty is ver y difficult to achieve. The main problem for Tesco and other supermarkets is related to the fact that large european supermarkets may decide to set up stores in the UK.   This can be seen from Lidl which is a German company which has got a number of stores opened in the UK. Threat of substitute In the UK alone there many substitutes because a lot of small stores like newsagent, local shops, etc sell the same products like supermarkets but the difference is that these small stores can offer discounts.   Due to this it is said that supermarkets are vulnerable.   One of the reason for supermarkets being vulnerable is about discounts and the other reason is that small stores can steal customers from supermarkets.   For example Argos- The Catalogue Shop can get a percentage of customers from the supermarkets from under their noses.   This is done by offering customers the chance to have catalogue delivered to their doors and collection of orders by post, telephone or internet. For some supermarkets this is a problem but for Tesco it is not.   The reason for this is that Tesco has a number of different stores opened across the whole UK and offers a range of products includind non food products through the internet at reasonable prices. (Tesco direct,2006).   By offeri ng non food products Tesco is in competition with Argos as well as Currys and Comet over electrical goods.   From this it can be seen that Tesco are being tuff because they want to be the best in all departments. Bargaining power of buyers In the UK the bargaining power buyers is strong especially for supermarkets in the UK since the buyers are the customers.   The power of these buyers is high because of the availability of several alternatives.   The switching cost from one to the other is low because if a customer is not happy he/she can go to the other supermarkets.   For the supermarkets Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury this is true but for Tesco it is not since it is the other way around, Tesco are able to influence the buyers.   Tesco are able to do this by having different stores Express, Metro etc in the UK all different to one another. Porters five forces model for Tesco can be seen in Appendix 7 SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Tesco is the  UK  is a well established and recognised retail brand in the  UK  offering a range of products and services from food to non food items.   Tesco has grown in the four areas it wanted to grow with a 7% market share in the non food items.   They provide fresh food at great value with many special offers being made each week.   They support fair trade and local products with over 7000 products being supplied in the  UK.   The culture of Tesco is important to its success.   Also the focuses on people, from the customers to the staff are essential for the smooth running of the organisation. Weaknesses Tesco just like many businesses in the  UK  will have problems which need to be overcome.   Since Tesco is big it has 260,000 employees which would result in Tecso paying a lot of money in term of wages and also training and development.   Also costs related to sickness and absenteeism will also affect Tesco.   Similar to this is that ..80% of group sales come from  UK (Tesco, 2006) and could be more globally focused.   Another weakness is that increase in the cost of fuel may result in loss of profitability and also an increase in the local business taxes will be bad.   Opportunities The opportunities existing for Tesco is further product introduction more opticians and pharmacies into the stores.   There also opportunities for Tesco to expand and increase market share.   Since Tesco is very popular in the  UK  and should turn their focus on the international market.   The acquisition or merger of a competitor would provide SYNERGY in terms of cost reduction, improved productivity, expanded range of products, although it may well be that because of Tecso dominant position in the market already the commission may not agree to such development. Threat The current problem which has occurred over the last few weeks was related to problem with the fuel since it was claimed that it is contaminated.   Due to this poor quality fuel may be suppl